Daily conversations   Food & Restaurant   Travel & Car   Family   Home   Occupations   Kitchen   Week days & Seasons   School   Numbers   Colours   Parts of human body   Things   Persian language   Persian alphabet   Persian grammar   Persian Music   Persian foods   Persian poems   Iranian scientists   English words of Persian origin   Free Downloads   Support   Feedback   Upload your video   Search	Persian grammar                                        Persian grammar is similar to many other Indo-European languages, especially those in the Indo-Iranian family. Since Middle Persian it has had a relatively simple grammar, having no grammatical gender and few case markings. Contents 1 Word Order 2 Nouns 3 Pronouns 4 Adjectives 5 Verbs 5.1 Conjugations 5.2 Compound Verbs 5.3 Auxiliary Verbs 6 Prepositions Word Order While Persian has a Subject Object Verb (SOV) word order, it is not strongly left-branching. The main clause precedes a subordinate clause. The interrogative particle āyā (آیا), which asks a yes/no question, appears at the beginning of a sentence. Modifiers normally follow the nouns they modify, although they can precede nouns in limited uses. The language uses prepositions, uncommon to many SOV languages. The one case marker, rā (را), follows the accusative noun phrase. Normal sentences are structured subject-preposition-object-verb. If the object is specific, then the order is "(S) (O + "rā") (PP) V". However, Persian can have relatively free word order, often called "scrambling." This is because the parts of speech are generally unambiguous, and prepositions and the accusative marker help disambiguate the case of a given noun phrase. Nouns Persian nouns have no grammatical gender. Persian nouns mark with a accusative marker only for the specific accusative case; the other oblique cases are marked by prepositions. Possession is expressed by special markers: if the possessor appears in the sentence after the thing possessed, the ezāfe may be used; otherwise, alternatively, a pronominal genitive enclitic is employed. Non-human nouns generally pluralize with -hā, while human forms generally pluralize with -ān; special rules exist for some nouns borrowed from Arabic. Pronouns Persian is a null-subject, or pro-drop language, so nominal pronouns are optional. Pronouns generally are the same for nominative, accusative, oblique, and genitive (ezāfe) cases. The first-person singular accusative form mæn rā can be shortened to mærā. Pronominal genitive enclitics (see above) are different from the normal pronouns, however. Normal Forms Person Singular Plural 1st mæn mā 2nd to shomā 3rd u ānhā (non-human/human), ishān (human only) Adjectives Adjectives typically follow the nouns they modify, using the ezāfe construct. However, adjectives can precede nouns in compounded derivational forms, such as khosh-bækht (lit. good-luck) 'lucky', and bæd-kār (lit. bad-deed) 'wicked'. Comparative forms make use of the suffix tær (تَر), while the superlative form uses the suffix tærin (تَرین). Verbs Normal verbs can be formed using the following pattern: ( NEG - DUR or SUBJ/IMPER ) - root - PAST - PERSON - ACC-ENCLITIC Negative prefix: næ - changes to ne before the Durative prefix Durative prefix: mi Subjunctive/Imperative prefix: be Past suffix: d - changes to t after unvoiced consonants Person Suffixes Person Singular Plural 1st æm im 2nd i id 3rd æd ænd Accusative Enclitics Person Singular Plural 1st æm emān 2nd æt etān 3rd æsh eshān Conjugations Examples given for first-person singular form of khordæn 'eat'.      Active Voice Mood Tense Romanization Perso-Arabic Indicative Present mi-khoræm می‌خورم Indicative Preterite (Simple Past) khordæm خوردم Indicative Imperfect mi-khordæm می‌خوردم Indicative Perfect khorde æm خورده ام Indicative Pluperfect khorde budæm خورده بودم Indicative Future khāhæm khord خواهم خورد Subjunctive Simple (Present) bekhoræm بخورم      Passive Voice Mood Tense Romanization Perso-Arabic Indicative Present khorde mi-shævæm خورده می‌شوم Indicative Preterite khorde shodæm خورده شدم Indicative Imperfect khorde mi-shodæm خورده می‌شدم Indicative Perfect khorde shode æm خورده شده ام Indicative Pluperfect khorde shode budæm خورده شده بودم Indicative Future khorde khāhæm shod خورده خواهم شد Subjunctive Simple (Present) khorde shævæm خورده شوم Subjunctive Perfect khorde shode bāshæm خورده شده باشم Compound Verbs Light verbs such as kærdæn are often used with nouns to form what is called a compound verb, light verb construction, or complex predicate. For example, the word "sohbæt" means "conversation", while "sohbæt kærdæn" means "to speak". One may add a light verb after a noun, adjective, preposition, or prepositional phrase to form a compound verb. Only the light verb (e.g kærdæn) is conjugated; the word preceding it is not affected. For example: dāræm sohbæt mikonæm ("I am speaking") sohbæt kærde æm ("I have spoken") sohbæt khāhæm kærd ("I will speak") As can be seen from the examples, the head word (in this case, sohbæt) remains unchanged throughout the conjugation, and only the light verb kærdæn is conjugated. They may be compared to English verb particle constructions, such as hand down (leave as an inheritance) and set up (arrange), or German compound verbs, such as Rad fahren (to ride by bicycle) and zurückgehen (to go back). Some other examples of compound verbs with kærdæn are: fekr kærdæn, "to think" færāmush kærdæn, "to forget" gærye kærdæn, "to cry" telefon kærdæn, "to call, to telephone" tæmir kærdæn, "to fix" Auxiliary Verbs bāyæd - 'must': Not conjugated shāyæd - 'might': Not conjugated tævānestæn - 'can': Conjugated khāstæn - 'want': Conjugated. Subordinating clause is subjunctive khāstæn - 'will': Conjugated. Main verb is tenseless Prepositions Prepositions in Persian generally behave similarly to those in English – they precede their object. They include the following: Prepositions Persian English æz (از) from bā (با) with bær (بر) on, upon bærā-ye (برای) for be (به) to bi (بی) without dær (در) at, in mesl-e (مثل) like tā (تا) till, until Source: wikipedia.org